If there is a DOI:
Author last name, author first initial. (Year). Article title. Journal title, volume(issue), pages. DOI URL
Dumais, S. A., Rizzuto, T. E., Cleary, J., & Dowden, L. (2013). Stressors and supports for adult online learners: Comparing first- and continuing-generation college students. American Journal of Distance Education, 27(2), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2013.783265
If there is no DOI, simply end the reference citation with the page numbers:
Author last name, author first initial. (Year). Article title. Journal title, volume(issue), pages.
Reitzes, D. C., & Mutran, E. J. (2004). The transition to retirement: Stages and factors that influence retirement adjustment. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 59(1), 63-84.
Author last name, author first initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, Page numbers.
Brown, P.L. (1999, September 5). Tiffany glass and other tales from the crypt. The New York Times, pp. 1, 5.
If there is a DOI:
Author last name, author first initial. (Year). E-book title. Publisher name. DOI URL
Chaffe-Stengel, P., & Stengel, D. (2012). Working with sample data: Exploration and inference. Business Expert Press. https://doi.org/10.4128/9781606492147
If there is no DOI, then cite as a print book:
Author last name, author first initial. (Year). E-book title. Publisher name.
Veletsianos, G. (2020). Learning online: The student experience. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Author last name, author first initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of Video [Video]. Web site address
Heffernan, M. (2015, May). Forget the pecking order at work [Video]. https://www.ted.com/talks/margaret_heffernan_
why_it_s_time_to_forget_the_pecking_order_at_work
The African American Studies program includes courses from several different departments, which may use different citation styles.
You will use MLA, APA, or Chicago (Turabian) style, depending on which courses you take.
For examples of how to cite in each of the different styles, please click on the links below: